Chapter Sixteen: Female Reproductive System

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Introduction

The female reproductive system consists of the paired gonads, the ovaries, as well as a system of auxiliary structures, the accessory sexual organs. The latter includes the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. Although not a genital organ, the mammary glands are an important adjunct to this system and are included herein.

It is important to note that virtually every part of this system is dependent, both structurally and functionally, on the levels of certain circulating hormones. Further, these levels change over the life of the female (menarche, pregnancy, and menopause) as well as during the reproductive years when they fluctuate with continuous regularity thereby defining the menstrual cycle. As the changing hormone levels elicit various functional activities, changes are seen in morphology.

Prior to learning the microarchitecture of the Female Reproductive Tract, use the table below to review some of the gross anatomy of these tissues:

Structure	Image
Cross Section of the Ovary
Arrangement of the Uterus, Ovary, and Uterine Tubes
Gross Anatomical Location of the Uterus in the Pelvic Cavity
Arrangement of the Uterus, Cervix, and Vagina
The Mammary Gland

This system is an elegant example of the precise interrelationship between endocrine activity, function, and structure. Therefore, when approaching its study from the standpoint of microscopic anatomy, bear this interrelationship in mind and question yourself as to what additional information of an endocrine and functional nature may be derived therein.

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Ovary

The ovary is the site where ova develop and hormones are produced which in turn have direct action in maintaining the cycle. Its structure varies both with the age of the female as well as throughout the cycle.

The ovary is a somewhat oval and slightly flattened organ situated near the fimbriated end of the uterine tube (B-94, monkey ovary, H&E [1x, 1x]; B-95, monkey ovary, H&E [1x-labeled, 1x]; B-96, monkey ovary and tube, H&E [1x]; B-54, H&E [1x, 1x]). Its exposed surface is covered by a mesothelial sheet of squamous or cuboidal epithelium. Just deep to this is an ill defined area of dense fibrous connective tissue referred to as the tunica albuginea (B-96 [2.5x-labeled, 10x-labeled, 20x, 40x]).

The ovary has two major regions – the cortex and the medulla. The cortex is the broad peripheral area containing follicles in various stages of development, whereas the medulla is the more central area displaying profiles of large blood vessels. These blood vessels gain entrance via the mesovarium. The division between the cortex and medulla is indistinct. In the cortex, stromal cells occupy the areas between the follicles. These cells are closely packed, fusiform (spindle shaped), and have the potential to differentiate into a specialized component of the maturing follicle (theca folliculi).

With each cycle several follicles begin the process of follicular growth and maturation. The initial morphological event in this process is the transformation of primordial follicles to primary follicles. Normally only one follicle achieves the mature state and ovulates per cycle. The remainder cease growing and degenerate at various points in the maturation process. After ovulation, at mid-cycle, the ruptured follicle persists for a short while as the functionally important corpus luteum.

Ovary Image Gallery

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Ovary Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Fimbria	(none)	H&E	B95, Ovary, 1x
2	Mesovarium	(none)	H&E	B95, Ovary, 1x
3	Ovary	(none)	H&E	B95, Ovary, 1x
4	Corpus Luteum	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
5	Medulla (Ovarian)	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
6	Cortex (Ovarian)	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
7	Corpus Albicans	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
8	Follicles	(none)	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x
9	Tunica Albuginea	(none)	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x
10	Germinal Epithelium	(none)	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x

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Primordial Follicle

Primordial follicles are located in periphery of cortex. They contain a large round oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells. The follicles occupying this category are inactive. They are the population from which follicular growth begins. Primordial Follicles [Inactive] (slide B-94 [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x] [10x, 20x, 40x-labeled] [10x, 20x, 40x]; B-96 [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x, 40x, 40x, 40x]).

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Primordial Follicle Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Primordial Follicle	(none)	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
2	Follicle Cells	FC	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
3	Nucleus of Oocyte	N	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x

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Primary Follicle

• Early primary follicles are characterized by:
  • Oocyte becomes enlarged.
  • Oocyte nucleus is large, eccentrically placed and vesicular.
  • The follicular cells have increased in size and are cuboidal.
• Later primary follicles are characterized by:
  • Follicular cells have proliferated so that the oocyte is surrounded by multiple layers of follicular cells, now referred to as granulosa cells.
  • Eosinophilic zona pellucida appears and separates oocyte from the granulosa cells.
  • Cortical stromal cells become arranged in a compressed layer at the outer periphery of the granulosa cells, thus forming the outer wall of the follicle. This layer is referred to as the theca folliculi.

Primary Follicles [Active] (B-94 [10x, 20x, 40x-labeled] [10x, 20x, 40x-labeled] [10x, 20x, 40x-labeled]; B-96 [40x, 40x, 40x])

Primary Follicle Image Gallery

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Primary Follicle Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Early Primary Follicle	(none)	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x; B94, Ovary, 40x
2	Primordial Follicles	(none)	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
3	Follicle Cell	FC	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
4	Nucleus of Oocyte	N	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
5	Granulosa Cells	GC	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x; B94, Ovary, 40x
6	Zona Pellucida	ZP	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x; B94, Ovary, 40x
7	Basal Lamina	BL	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x; B94, Ovary, 40x
8	Theca Folliculi	TF	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
9	Late Primary Follicle	(none)	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
10	Stratum Granulosum	GC	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
11	Theca Interna	TI	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x
12	Theca Externa	TE	H&E	B94, Ovary, 40x

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Secondary Follicle

• Early (vesicular stage)
  • With continued granulosa cell proliferation, spaces filled with fluid (liquor folliculi) appear within this layer.
• Later (antral stage)
  • Continued follicular enlargement occurs and the irregular spaces within the granulosa layer merge to form a single crescentric cavity, the antrum.
  • Those granulosa cells immediately surrounding the zona pellucida become columnar and are referred to as the corona radiata.
  • The theca folliculi begins to segregate itself into two distinct layers.

Secondary Follicles (B-94 [2.5x, 10x-labeled, 20x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x]; B-96 [2.5x, 10x-labeled, 20x, 40x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x])

Secondary Follicle Image Gallery

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Secondary Follicle Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Oocyte	O	H&E	B94, Ovary, 10x
2	Antrum	A	H&E	B94, Ovary, 10x
3	Stratum Granulosum	GC	H&E	B94, Ovary, 10x
4	Theca Folliculi	TF	H&E	B94, Ovary, 10x
5	Germinal Epithelium	GE	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x
6	Tunica Albuginea	TA	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x
7	Primordial Follicle	Prim	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x
8	Primary Follicle	PF	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x
9	Secondary Follicle	SF	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x
10	Atretic Follicle	AF	H&E	B96, Ovary, 10x

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Mature (Graafian) Follicle

At maximum size, follicles will bulge from the ovarian surface and occupy the full thickness of the cortex. The oocyte is displaced to one side of the antrum where it is surrounded by a thickening of granulosa cells. This stalk-like thickening is referred to as the cumulus oophorus. A distinct basal lamina separates the granulosa cells from the theca. The theca has segregated itself into the theca interna and the theca externa. The theca interna is adjacent to the basal lamina, highly vascular and consists of secretory cells. The theca externa is connective tissue that merges with the adjacent stroma. Mature (Graafian) Follicle (slide B-94 [2.5x, 10x, 20x-labeled] [10x, 20x, 40x] [10x, 20x, 40x])

Mature Follicle Image Gallery

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Mature Follicle Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Antrum	A	H&E	B94, Ovary, 20x
2	Granulosa Cells	GC	H&E	B94, Ovary, 20x
3	Thecal Cells	TF	H&E	B94, Ovary, 20x
4	Corona Radiata (future)	CR	H&E	B94, Ovary, 20x
5	Cumulus Oophorus	CO	H&E	B94, Ovary, 20x

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Corpus Luteum

After rupture of the Graafian follicle, the walls collapse and become folded. Thus, strands of tissue from the theca interna penetrate, to some extent, the mass of granulosa cells. Bleeding from the theca interna may form a blood clot in the antrum. The majority of the cells of the corpus luteum are derived from the granulosa cells. Both the granulosa cells and the cells of the theca interna enlarge and accumulate lipid, thus becoming lutein cells. There are two types of lutein cells - granulosa lutein cells that have a large, vesicular nucleus and vacuolate cytoplasm, and theca lutein cells that are distinguished by smaller darker nuclei. Corpus Luteum (slide B-54, human ovary, H&E [1x-labeled, 2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x-labeled] [1x-labeled, 1x, 2.5x] [1x, 1x, 1x] 1x, 2.5x, 10x]; B-95, H&E [2.5x])

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Corpus Luteum Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Corpus Luteum	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
2	Former Follicular Cavity	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
3	Granulosa Lutein Cells	GLC	H&E	B54, Ovary, 40x
4	Theca Lutein Cells	TLC	H&E	B54, Ovary, 40x

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Corpus Albicans

The corpus luteum persists for 12 to 14 days. If fertilized ovum does not implant, the corpus luteum degenerates, leaving a scar which is referred to as the corpus albicans. This will also disappear eventually. Some of the B-54 slides in our collection have corpus albicans – try to identify a corpus albicans on your slide or consult with your neighbors. Corpus Albicans (some B-54 [1x-labeled] [2.5x] [1x-labeled, 2.5x, 10x])

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Corpus Albicans Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Corpus Luteum	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
2	Corpus Albicans	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
3	Medulla (OVarian)	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x
4	Cortex (Ovarian)	(none)	H&E	B54, Ovary, 1x

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Atretic Follicle

At any point in their development, follicles may cease maturation and undergo a process of degeneration called atresia. The process of atresia occurs through apoptotic cell death. The appearance of such follicles will depend on the stage at which atresia began as well as the extent to which it has occurred. Atretic Follicles (slides B-94 [2.5x, 10x, 20x] [10x, 10x]; B-95 [10x, 20x])

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Female Duct System

After ovulation, the oocyte passes into the uterine tube (i.e. oviduct, i.e. fallopian tube). Fertilization takes place here. This tube is subdivided into four regions:

• uterine/intramural (that portion within the uterine wall) (slide B-93 [1x-labeled, 2.5x, 10x] [1x, 1x, 1x, 1x])
• isthmus (short narrow portion next to uterus) (B-93 [2.5x-labeled])
• ampulla (expanded, longest portion) (B-96 [1x-labeled, 2.5x])
• infundibulum (funnel-shaped abdominal opening) (B-96 [1x-labeled]).

The wall of the uterine tube consists of three layers; a mucosa, a muscularis, and an adventitial/serous coat (B-96 [2.5x, 10x-labeled, 20x, 40x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]; B-97, monkey uterus [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]). The mucosa is organized into folds that vary in their degree of complexity with the tube regions. The mucosa is lined by a simple columnar epithelium consisting of two cell types, ciliated and non-ciliated, secretory (B-93 [10x, 20x, 40x-labeled]). The mucosal lamina propria consists of somewhat loose connective tissue and is highly vascular. No muscularis mucosae are present. The muscularis consists of two layers of smooth muscle, the inner being oriented in a circular fashion and the outer longitudinally.

The structure of the uterine tube is under the control of, and responds to, cyclic changes in the levels of steroid hormones. Structural alterations to provide favorable transport for the oocyte commence anew with the beginning of each cycle and peak at mid-cycle just before ovulation. These include increases in height and number of the ciliated cells as well as active secretion in the secretory cell. For the remainder of the cycle thereafter, dedifferentiation occurs. The cyclic changes occur to a greater extent in the upper ampulla and infundibulum. The margin of the infundibulum is drawn out into numerous finger-like processes called fimbrae. Microscopic examination of these will reveal that within the lamina propria are numerous large blood vessels, especially veins, as well as bundles of smooth muscle forming an intervening network. At the time of ovulation, the vessels become enlarged with blood, causing turgidity, which when combined with smooth muscle contraction brings the infundibular opening into close apposition with the ovarian surface.

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Female Duct System Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Uterine Tube (Interstitial)	(none)	H&E	B93, Uterine Tube, 1x
2	Uterus	(none)	H&E	B93, Uterine Tube, 1x
3	Broad Ligament	(none)	H&E	B93, Uterine Tube, 2.5x
4	Uterine Tube (Isthmus)	(none)	H&E	B93, Uterine Tube, 2.5x
5	Uterine Tube (Infundibulum)	(none)	H&E	B96, Uterine Tube, 1x
6	Uterine Tube (Ampulla)	(none)	H&E	B96, Uterine Tube, 1x
7	Ovary	(none)	H&E	B96, Uterine Tube, 1x
8	Serosa	(none)	H&E	B96, Uterine Tube, 10x
9	Muscularis	(none)	H&E	B96, Uterine Tube, 10x
10	Mucosa	(none)	H&E	B96, Uterine Tube, 10x
11	Nonciliated Peg Cells	(none)	H&E	B93, Uterine Tube, 40x
12	Ciliated Cells	(none)	H&E	B93, Uterine Tube, 40x

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Uterus

The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ, somewhat flattened from front to back. The expanded upper portion is referred to as the fundus, while its lower part, which protrudes into the vagina, is called the cervix. The lumen of the uterus is slit-like and is in communication with that of the uterine tubes (B-97, monkey uterus [1x, 1x, 1x, 1x]). The wall of the uterus consists of three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium (B-97 [1x, 1x-labeled] [1x, 1x, 1x]; B-100 [1x, 1x]). The perimetrium is peritoneum which covers the uterus, but is lacking in the posterocaudal third below the peritoneal reflection (B-97 [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]). The myometrium is the very thick middle layer consisting of bundles of smooth muscle cells arranged into several interwoven layers (slide B-93 [1x-labeled, 2.5x] [1x, 2.5x] [1x, 2.5x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]). The endometrium is the innermost layer and is a glandular mucosa (B-97 [2.5x, 10x, 20x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]). It consists of a surface epithelium which is invaginated into tubes called uterine glands. The glands penetrate into a very thick lamina propria referred to as the endometrial stroma. The surface epithelium is a mixture of ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar cells, whereas the glandular epithelium consists mainly of non-ciliated secretory cells. The endometrial stroma has the appearance of a loose, rather cellular mesenchyme with numerous blood vessels.

The endometrium is subdivided into two main parts; the basalis and the functionalis (slide B-97). The basalis is deep, lying adjacent to the myometrium, it consists of stroma and the closed ends of the uterine glands and is not sloughed during menstruation. The functionalis is upper zone consisting of the remainder of the uterine glands with intervening stroma. It is lost during menstruation, but is replaced again with each menstrual cycle, by proliferation of the persisting elements in the basalis.

The menstrual cycle is a continuous series of events, dominated by the endocrine activity of the ovary, which repeats itself with a 28 day period. The endometrium participates by undergoing a series of structural changes which are roughly divided into three categories, the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases. These phases are listed below, examine each of the uterine slides and determine to which phase it belongs.

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Uterus Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Perimetrium	(none)	H&E	B97, Uterus, 1x
2	Myometrium	(none)	H&E	B97, Uterus, 1x; B93, Uterus, 1x
3	Endometrium	(none)	H&E	B97, Uterus, 1x; B93, Uterus, 1x
4	Uterine Lumen	(none)	H&E	B97, Uterus, 1x
5	Blood Vessels	(none)	H&E	B97, Uterus, 1x
6	Broad Ligament	(none)	H&E	B93, Uterus, 1x

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Menstrual Phase

The menstrual phase lasts 1 -5 days, and corresponds to ovarian menstrual phase; i.e., degeneration of corpus luteum with consequent decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels. During this phase the functionalis sloughs off leaving the basalis. Just prior to sloughing, the glands are extremely dilated and tortuous.

Proliferative Phase

This phase occurs during days 7 to 14 and corresponds to the ovarian follicular phase with rising levels of estrogens. The functionalis layer is replaced by growth of the endometrial elements in the basalis. The glands are usually straight tubes extending from the surface. Epithelial cells become taller and accumulate glycogen basal to their nuclei. (slide B-93 [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]; B-97 [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x])

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Secretory Phase

This phase occurs on days 15 to 27 and corresponds to the ovarian luteal phase characterized by rising levels of progesterone. The epithelial cells begin to secrete a mucoid fluid rich in nutrients, especially glycogen. The glands become highly coiled and folded and toward the end, very distended. The density of the stroma lessens as it becomes edematous. (slides B-99 [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]; B-100 [1x, 2.5x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x])

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Uterine Cervix

The endometrium of the cervical canal does not slough during the menstrual phase. The glands in this region are relatively large and extensively branched. They are lined by a tall simple columnar epithelium very active in the secretion of mucus. Occasionally these glands become blocked forming Nabothian cysts. The transition of the epithelium of the cervix to that of the vagina is abrupt and is in the region of the external os. At this point, the cervical simple columnar is replaced by the vaginal stratified squamous epithelium (slide B-98 [2.5x-labeled, 10x, 20x, 40x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]). This is an area which is commonly inflamed as well as a primary location of cervical cancer.

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Uterine Cervix Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Cervical Glands	(none)	H&E	B98, Uterine Cervix, 2x
2	Cervix	(none)	H&E	B98, Uterine Cervix, 2x
3	Vagina	(none)	H&E	B98, Uterine Cervix, 2x
4	Stratified Squamous Epithelium	(none)	H&E	B98, Uterine Cervix, 2x

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Vagina

The mucosa of the vaginal wall is lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which rests on a lamina propria. The epithelium is indented from beneath by connective tissue papillae. Occasionally aggregations of lymphocytes may be seen within the lamina propria (slide B-98 [2.5x-labeled, 10x, 20x, 40x] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x] [1x, 1x, 1x, 1x, 1x]). The muscularis is said to consist of a poorly defined inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. An adventitia of fibrous tissue forms the outer most layer of the vaginal wall. Although there is a rather rich vascular plexus in the lamina propria, no glands are present at any location in the vaginal wall.

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Vagina Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Cervix	(none)	H&E	B98, Vagina, 2x
2	Vagina	(none)	H&E	B98, Vagina, 2x
3	Lymphatic Tissue	(none)	H&E	B98, Vagina, 2x

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Mammary Gland

The resting or inactive mammary gland consists of predominantly dense connective tissue with small clusters of ducts and a few glandular elements (slide A-93 [2.5x-labeled, 10x, 20x, 40x] [1x, 2.5x, 10x, 20x]). It is difficult to differentiate between small ducts and alveoli as each is lined by simple low cuboidal cells. Lobes and lobules are not well defined. During puberty, predominantly under the influence of the ovarian hormone estrogen, the glandular or epithelial ducts proliferate and begin to differentiate into clusters of ductal and alveolar units termed terminal ductal lobule units (TDLUs). The non-pregnant gland will form multiple TDLUs that will not fully differentiate until pregnancy-induced growth. TDLUs are classified into Type I, Type II and Type III based on density of the ductules within each lobular unit. Type I and Type II lobules are typical of inactive glands that have not undergone a pregnancy cycle. Type III lobules are seen only in active glands or in inactive glands that have been through a pregnancy. Intralobular connective tissue is loose connective tissue that surrounds the alveoli and ducts within a lobule. The interlobular connective tissue is dense and contains considerable adipose tissue.

During pregnancy, predominantly under the influence of the ovarian hormone progesterone and the pituitary hormone prolactin, the glandular elements proliferate and differentiate to form milk-secreting units. In later stages of pregnancy, alveolar development becomes prominent and the amount of connective tissue and adipose tissue decreases. The secretory cells hypertrophy and accumulate secretory product.

The mammary gland in its active state is a compound tubuloalveolar gland (slide A-92 [10x, 20x, 40x-labeled] [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]; A-94 [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]). At this time, the gland is predominantly glandular tissue. Each alveolus is lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium. At the base of these cells, and within the alveolar basal lamina, are the stellate-shaped myoepithelial cells that are highly contractile and function to facilitate milk ejection.

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Mammary Gland Table of Identifications

Row	Structure	Abbreviation	Optimal Stain	Representative Section	Note
1	Dense Connective Tissue	DCT	H&E	B93, Mammary Gland (Inactive), 2x
2	Duct	D	H&E	B93, Mammary Gland (Inactive), 2x
3	Lobule	L	H&E	B93, Mammary Gland (Inactive), 2x
4	Adipocytes	Adip	H&E	B93, Mammary Gland (Inactive), 2x
5	Myoepithelial Cells	mEp	H&E	B92, Mammary Gland (Lactating), 40x
6	Simple Cuboidal Epithelium	Ep	H&E	B92, Mammary Gland (Lactating), 40x
7	Alveolar Lumen	L	H&E	B92, Mammary Gland (Lactating), 40x

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Placenta

Slide A-98 (monkey placenta [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]) is a first trimester placenta and A-97 (monkey placenta [2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]) is from a third trimester pregnancy. What are the differences? Compare to the term human placenta, A-96 ([2.5x, 10x, 20x, 40x]).

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Chapter Sixteen Review

Review of Slides

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Review of Identifications

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Comments

• That's funny. The comments just happen that way when I upload from a batch file (or I can specify a name that will be applied universally to all extracted images). I meant the file names... they were incorrectly labeled based on the text, and the text has references to slides that don't exist (image-wise). I'm just having to read through the text and glance at the slides and figure out which images need to go where. I'll be doing a lot of editing when I link the text to the images in a few minutes. -- AshleyLPistorio - 10 Jul 2007
• Yea, I noticed the redundancy "extracted from zip." I don't think so. I have not heated the oven in 10 years. Refuse to clean it. -- LorenEvey - 10 Jul 2007
• Wow. Ever wonder if you spend too much time in your kitchen? I'll be attacking the uterus like a bad case of PID starting now. I still have to figure out which pictures go in what order... they're all named rather redundantly. -- AshleyLPistorio - 10 Jul 2007
• Let's get going with this uterus. I want to see the uterovaginal autonomic plexus receiving fibers from the hypogastric nn and the pelvic splanchnics. At last! -- LorenEvey - 10 Jul 2007

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-- AshleyLPistorio - 27 May 2007